The Competition Act, 2002

{
    "id": 11436,
    "slug": "competition-act-2002",
    "title": "The Competition Act, 2002",
    "short_title": "The Competition Act, 2002",
    "act_number": "(12 OF 2003)",
    "act_year": 2002,
    "act_type": "CENTRAL",
    "location": "India (Central)",
    "law_status": "unknown",
    "enactment_date": "2026-01-13",
    "description": "The Competition Act, 2002",
    "preamble": "",
    "section_label": "Section",
    "sections": [
        {
            "number": "1",
            "title": "CHAPTER I",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER I",
            "content": "Preliminary",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 0
        },
        {
            "number": "1",
            "title": "1. Short title, extent and commencement",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "Object & Reasons▼\nStatement of Objects and Reasons.\nAmendment Act 39 of 2007-Statement of Objects and Reasons.\n(a) the Commission shall be an expert body which would function as a market regulator for preventing and regulating anti-competitive practices in the country in accordance with the Act and it would also have advisory and advocacy functions in its role as a regulator;\n(b) for mandatory notice of merger or combination by a person or enterprise to the Commission within thirty days and to empower the Commission for imposing a penalty of up to one per cent. of the total turnover or the assets, whichever is higher, on a person or enterprise which fails to give notice of merger or combination to the Commission;\n(c) for establishment of the Competition Appellate Tribunal, which shall be a three member quasi-judicial body headed by a person who is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court or the Chief Justice of a High Court to hear and dispose of appeals against any direction issued or decision made or order passed by the Commission;\n(d) for adjudication by the Competition Appellate Tribunal of claims on compensation and passing of orders for the recovery of compensation from any enterprise for any loss or damage suffered as a result of any contravention of the provisions of the Act;\n(e) for implementation of the orders of the Competition Appellate Tribunal as a decree of a Civil Court;\n(f) for filing of appeal against the orders of the Competition Appellate Tribunal to the Supreme Court;\n(g) for imposition of a penalty by the Commission for contravention of its orders and in certain cases of continued contravention a penalty which may extend to rupees twenty five crores or imprisonment which may extend to three years or with both as the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Delhi may deem fit, may be imposed.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 1
        },
        {
            "number": "2",
            "title": "2. Definitions",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) \"acquisition\" means, directly or indirectly, acquiring or agreeing to acquire-\n(i) shares, voting rights or assets of any enterprise; or\n(ii) control over management or control over assets of any enterprise;\n(b) \"agreement\" includes any arrangement or understanding or action in concert,-\n(i) whether or not, such arrangement, understanding or action is formal or in writing; or\n(ii) whether or not such arrangement, understanding or action is intended to be enforceable by legal proceedings;\n[(ba) \"Appellate Tribunal\" means the Competition Appellate Tribunal established under sub-section (1) of section 53-A;]\n(c) \"cartel\" includes an association of producers, sellers, distributors, traders or service providers who, by agreement amongst themselves, limit, control or attempt to control the production, distribution, sale or price of, or, trade in goods or provision of services;\n(d) \"Chairperson\" means the Chairperson of the Commission appointed under sub-section (1) of section 8;\n(e) \"Commission\" means the Competition Commission of India established under sub-section (1) of section 7;\n(f) \"consumer\" means any person who-\n(i) buys any goods for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment and includes any user of such goods other than the person who buys such goods for consideration paid or promised or partly paid or partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment when such use is made with the approval of such person, whether such purchase of goods is for resale or for any commercial purpose or for personal use;\n(ii) hires or avails of any services for a consideration which has been paid or promised or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment and includes any beneficiary of such services other than the person who hires or avails of the services for consideration paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment, when such services are availed of with the approval of the first-mentioned person whether such hiring or availing of services is for any commercial purpose or for personal use;\n(g) \"Director General\" means the Director General appointed under sub-section (1) of section 16 and includes any Additional, Joint, Deputy or Assistant Directors General appointed under that section;\n(h) \"enterprise\" means a person or a department of the Government, who or which is, or has been, engaged in any activity, relating to the production, storage, supply, distribution, acquisition or control of articles or goods, or the provision of services, of any kind, or in investment, or in the business of acquiring, holding, underwriting or dealing with shares, debentures or other securities of any other body corporate, either directly or through one or more of its units or divisions or subsidiaries, whether such unit or division or subsidiary is located at the same place where the enterprise is located or at a different place or at different places, but does not include any activity of the Government relatable to the sovereign functions of the Government including all activities carried on by the departments of the Central Government dealing with atomic energy, currency, defence and space.\n(a) \"activity\" includes profession or occupation;\n(b) \"article\" includes a new article and \"service\" includes a new service;\n(c) \"unit\" or \"division\", in relation to an enterprise, includes-\n(i) a plant or factory established for the production, storage, supply, distribution, acquisition or control of any article or goods;\n(ii) any branch or office established for the provision of any service;\n(i) \"goods\" means goods as defined in the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 (8 of 1930) and includes-\n(A) products manufactured, processed or mined;\n(B) debentures, stocks and shares after allotment;\n(C) in relation to goods supplied, distributed or controlled in India, goods imported into India;\n(j) \"Member\" means a Member of the Commission appointed under sub-section (1) of section 8 and includes the Chairperson;\n(k) \"notification\" means a notification published in the Official Gazette;\n(l) \"person\" includes-\n(i) an individual;\n(ii) a Hindu undivided family;\n(iii) a company;\n(iv) a firm;\n(v) an association of persons or a body of individuals, whether incorporated or not, in India or outside India;\n(vi) any corporation established by or under any Central, State or Provincial Act or a Government company as defined in section 617 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956);\n(vii) any body corporate incorporated by or under the laws of a country outside India;\n(viii) a co-operative society registered under any law relating to co-operative societies;\n(ix) a local authority;\n(x) every artificial juridical person, not falling within any of the preceding sub-clauses;\n(m) \"practice\" includes any practice relating to the carrying on of any trade by a person or an enterprise;\n(n) \"prescribed\" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;\n(o) \"price\", in relation to the sale of any goods or to the performance of any services, includes every valuable consideration, whether direct or indirect, or deferred, and includes any consideration which in effect relates to the sale of any goods or to the performance of any services although ostensibly relating to any other matter or thing;\n(p) \"public financial institution\" means a public financial institution specified under section 4-A of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) and includes a State Financial, Industrial or Investment Corporation;\n(q) \"regulations\" means the regulations made by the Commission under section 64;\n(r) \"relevant market\" means the market which may be determined by the Commission with reference to the relevant product market or the relevant geographic market or with reference to both the markets;\n(s) \"relevant geographic market\" means a market comprising the area in which the conditions of competition for supply of goods or provision of services or demand of goods or services are distinctly homogeneous and can be distinguished from the conditions prevailing in the neighbouring areas;\n(t) \"relevant product market\" means a market comprising all those products or services which are regarded as interchangeable or substitutable by the consumer, by reason of characteristics of the products or services, their prices and intended use;\n(u) \"service\" means service of any description which is made available to potential users and includes the provision of services in connection with business of any industrial or commercial matters such as banking, communication, education, financing, insurance, chit funds, real estate, transport, storage, material treatment, processing, supply of electrical or other energy, boarding, lodging, entertainment, amusement, construction, repair, conveying of news or information and advertising;\n(v) \"shares\" means shares in the share capital of a company carrying voting rights and includes-\n(i) any security which entitles the holder to receive shares with voting rights;\n(ii) stock except where a distinction between stock and share is expressed or implied;\n(w) \"statutory authority\" means any authority, board, corporation, council, institute, university or any other body corporate, established by or under any Central, State or Provincial Act for the purposes of regulating production or supply of goods or provision of any services or markets therefor or any matter connected therewith or incidental thereto;\n(x) \"trade\" means any trade, business, industry, profession or occupation relating to the production, supply, distribution, storage or control of goods and includes the provision of any services;\n(y) \"turnover\" includes value of sale of goods or services;\n(z) words and expressions used but not defined in this Act and defined in the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) shall have the same meanings respectively assigned to them in that Act.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": true,
            "sort_order": 2
        },
        {
            "number": "4",
            "title": "CHAPTER II",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER II",
            "content": "Prohibition Of Certain Agreements, Abuse Of Dominant Position And Regulation Of Combinations",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 3
        },
        {
            "number": "3",
            "title": "3. Anti-competitive agreements",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) directly or indirectly determines purchase or sale prices;\n(b) limits or controls production, supply, markets, technical development, investment or provision of services;\n(c) shares the market or source of production or provision of services by way of allocation of geographical area of market, or type of goods or services, or number of customers in the market or any other similar way;\n(d) directly or indirectly results in bid rigging or collusive bidding, shall be presumed to have an appreciable adverse effect on competition:\n(a) tie-in arrangement;\n(b) exclusive supply agreement;\n(c) exclusive distribution agreement;\n(d) refusal to deal;\n(e) resale price maintenance, shall be an agreement in contravention of sub-section (1) if such agreement causes or is likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition in India.\n(a) \"tie-in-arrangement\" includes any agreement requiring a purchaser of goods, as a condition of such purchase, to purchase some other goods;\n(b) \"exclusive supply agreement\" includes any agreement restricting in any manner the purchaser in the course of his trade from acquiring or otherwise dealing in any goods other than those of the seller or any other person;\n(c) \"exclusive distribution agreement\" includes any agreement to limit, restrict or withhold the output or supply of any goods or allocate any area or market for the disposal or sale of the goods;\n(d) \"refusal to deal\" includes any agreement which restricts, or is likely to restrict, by any method the persons or classes of persons to whom goods are sold or from whom goods are bought;\n(e) \"resale price maintenance\" includes any agreement to sell goods on condition that the prices to be charged on the resale by the purchaser shall be the prices stipulated by the seller unless it is clearly stated that prices lower than those prices may be charged;\n(i) the right of any person to restrain any infringement of, or to impose reasonable conditions, as may be necessary for protecting any of his rights which have been or may be conferred upon him under-\n(a) the Copyright Act, 1957 (14 of 1957);\n(b) the Patents Act, 1970 (39 of 1970);\n(c) the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 (43 of 1958) or the Trade Marks Act, 1999 (47 of 1999);\n(d) the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 (48 of 1999);\n(e) the Designs Act, 2000 (16 of 2000);\n(f) the Semi-Conductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act, 2000 (37 of 2000);\n(ii) the right of any person to export goods from India to the extent to which the agreement relates exclusively to the production, supply, distribution or control of goods or provision of services for such export.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 4
        },
        {
            "number": "4",
            "title": "4. Abuse of dominant position",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) directly or indirectly, imposes unfair or discriminatory-\n(i) condition in purchase or sale of goods or services; or\n(ii) price in purchase or sale (including predatory price) of goods or service.\n(b) limits or restricts-\n(i) production of goods or provision of services or market therefor; or\n(ii) technical or scientific development relating to goods or services to the prejudice of consumers; or\n(c) indulges in practice or practices resulting in denial of market access in any manner; or\n(d) makes conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts; or\n(e) uses its dominant position in one relevant market to enter into, or protect, other relevant market.\n(a) \"dominant position\" means a position of strength, enjoyed by an enterprise, in the relevant market, in India, which enables it to-\n(i) operate independently of competitive forces prevailing in the relevant market; or\n(ii) affect its competitors or consumers or the relevant market in its favour;\n(b) \"predatory price\" means the sale of goods or provision of services, at a price which is below the cost, as may be determined by regulations, of production of the goods or provision of services, with a view to reduce competition or eliminate the competitors;\n[(c) \"group\" shall have the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (b) of the Explanation to section 5.]\nRegulation of combinations",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 5
        },
        {
            "number": "5",
            "title": "5. Combination",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) any acquisition where-\n(i) the parties to the acquisition, being the acquirer and the enterprise, whose control, shares, voting rights or assets have been acquired or are being acquired jointly have,-\n(A) either, in India, the assets of the value of more than rupees one thousand crores or turnover more than rupees three thousand crores; or\n[(B) in India or outside India, in aggregate, the assets of the value of more than five hundred million US dollars, including at least rupees five hundred crores in India, or turnover more than fifteen hundred million US dollars, including at least rupees fifteen hundred crores in India; or]\n(ii) the group, to which the enterprise whose control, shares, assets or voting rights have been acquired or are being acquired, would belong after the acquisition, jointly have or would jointly have,-\n(A) either in India, the assets of the value of more than rupees four thousand crores or turnover more than rupees twelve thousand crores; or\n[(B) in India or outside India, in aggregate, the assets of the value of more than two billion US dollars, including at least rupees five hundred crores in India, or turnover more than six billion US dollars, including at least rupees fifteen hundred crores in India; or]\n(b) acquiring of control by a person over an enterprise when such person has already direct or indirect control over another enterprise engaged in production, distribution or trading of a similar or identical or substitutable goods or provision of a similar or identical or substitutable service, if-\n(i) the enterprise over which control has been acquired along with the enterprise over which the acquirer already has direct or indirect control jointly have,-\n(A) either in India, the assets of the value of more than rupees one thousand crores or turnover more than rupees three thousand crores; or\n(B) in India or outside India, in aggregate, the assets of the value of more than five hundred million US dollars, including at least rupees five hundred crores in India, or turnover more than fifteen hundred million US dollars, including at least rupees fifteen hundred crores in India; or\n(ii) the group, to which enterprise whose control have been acquired, or is being acquired, would belong after the acquisition, jointly have or would jointly have,-\n(A) either in India, the assets of the value of more than rupees four thousand crores or turnover more than rupees twelve thousand crores; or\n[(B) in India or outside India, in aggregate, the assets of the value of more than two billion US dollars, including at least rupees five hundred crores in India, or turnover more than six billion US dollars, including at least rupees fifteen hundred crores in India; or]\n(c) any merger or amalgamation in which-\n(i) the enterprise remaining after merger or the enterprise created as a result of the amalgamation, as the case may be, have,-\n(A) either in India, the assets of the value of more than rupees one thousand crores or turnover more than rupees three thousand crores; or\n[(B) in India or outside India, in aggregate, the assets of the value of more than five hundred million US dollars, including at least rupees five hundred crores in India, or turnover more than fifteen hundred million US dollars, including at least rupees fifteen hundred crores in India; or]\n(ii) the group, to which the enterprise remaining after the merger or the enterprise created as a result of the amalgamation, would belong after the merger or the amalgamation, as the case may be, have or would have,-\n(A) either in India, the assets of the value of more than rupees four thousand crores or turnover more than rupees twelve thousand crores; or\n[(B) in India or outside India, in aggregate, the assets of the value of more than two billion US dollars, including at least rupees five hundred crores in India, or turnover more than six billion US dollars, including at least rupees fifteen hundred crores in India; or]\n(a) \"control\" includes controlling the affairs or management by-\n(i) one or more enterprises, either jointly or singly, over another enterprise or group;\n(ii) one or more groups, either jointly or singly, over another group or enterprise;\n(b) \"group\" means two or more enterprises which, directly or indirectly, are in a position to-\n(i) exercise twenty-six per cent. or more of the voting rights in the other enterprise; or\n(ii) appoint more than fifty per cent. of the members of the board of directors in the other enterprise; or\n(iii) control the management or affairs of the other enterprise;\n(c) the value of assets shall be determined by taking the book value of the assets as shown, in the audited books of account of the enterprise, in the financial year immediately preceding the financial year in which the date of proposed merger falls, as reduced by any depreciation, and the value of assets shall include the brand value, value of goodwill, or value of copyright, patent, permitted use, collective mark, registered proprietor, registered trade mark, registered user, homonymous geographical indication, geographical indications, design or layout-design or similar other commercial rights, if any, referred to in sub-section (5) of section 3.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 6
        },
        {
            "number": "6",
            "title": "6. Regulation of combinations",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) approval of the proposal relating to merger or amalgamation, referred to in clause (c) of section 5, by the board of directors of the enterprises concerned with such merger or amalgamation, as the case may be;\n(b) execution of any agreement or other document for acquisition referred to in clause (a) of section 5 or acquiring of control referred to in clause (b) of that section.\n(a) \"foreign institutional investor\" has the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (a) of the Explanation to section 115-AD of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961);\n(b) \"venture capital fund\" has the same meaning as assigned to it in clause (b) of the Explanation to clause (23-FB) of section 10 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961).",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 7
        },
        {
            "number": "9",
            "title": "CHAPTER III",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER III",
            "content": "Competition Commission Of India",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 8
        },
        {
            "number": "7",
            "title": "7. Establishment of Commission",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "[8. Composition of Commission\n[9. Selection Committee for Chairperson and Members of Commission\n(a) the Chief\n\t\t\t\tJustice of India or his nominee\nChairperson;\n(b) the Secretary\n\t\t\t\tin the Ministry of Corporate Affairs\nMember;\n(c) the Secretary\n\t\t\t\tin the Ministry of Law and Justice\nMember;\n(d)\n\t\t\t\ttwo experts of repute who have special knowledge of, and\n\t\t\t\tprofessional experience in international trade, economics,\n\t\t\t\tbusiness, commerce, law, finance, accountancy, management,\n\t\t\t\tindustry, public affairs or competition matters including\n\t\t\t\tcompetition law and policy.\nMembers.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 9
        },
        {
            "number": "10",
            "title": "10. Term of office of Chairperson and other Members",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 10
        },
        {
            "number": "11",
            "title": "11. Resignation, removal and suspension of Chairperson and other Members",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) is, or at any time has been, adjudged as an insolvent; or\n(b) has engaged at any time, during his term of office, in any paid employment; or\n(c) has been convicted of an offence which, in the opinion of the Central Government, involves moral turpitude; or\n(d) has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions as a Member; or\n(e) has so abused his position as to render his continuance in office prejudicial to the public interest; or\n(f) has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as a Member.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 11
        },
        {
            "number": "12",
            "title": "12. Restriction on employment of Chairperson and other Members in certain cases",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "[13. Administrative powers of Chairperson",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 12
        },
        {
            "number": "14",
            "title": "14. Salary and allowances and other terms and conditions of services of Chairperson and other Members",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 13
        },
        {
            "number": "15",
            "title": "15. Vacancy, etc., not to invalidate proceedings of Commission",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) any vacancy in, or any defect in the constitution of, the Commission; or\n(b) any defect in the appointment of a person acting as a Chairperson or as a Member; or\n(c) any irregularity in the procedure of the Commission not affecting the merits of the case.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 14
        },
        {
            "number": "16",
            "title": "16. Appointment of Director General, etc",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "[17. Appointment of Secretary, experts, professionals and officers and other employees of Commission",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 15
        },
        {
            "number": "17",
            "title": "CHAPTER IV",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER IV",
            "content": "Duties, Powers And Functions Of Commission",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 16
        },
        {
            "number": "18",
            "title": "18. Duties of Commission",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 17
        },
        {
            "number": "19",
            "title": "19. Inquiry into certain agreements and dominant position of enterprise",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) [receipt of any information, in such manner and]\n(b) a reference made to it by the Central Government or a State Government or a statutory authority.\n(a) creation of barriers to new entrants in the market;\n(b) driving existing competitors out of the market;\n(c) foreclosure of competition by hindering entry into the market;\n(d) accrual of benefits to consumers;\n(e) improvements in production or distribution of goods or provision of services;\n(f) promotion of technical, scientific and economic development by means of production or distribution of goods or provision of services.\n(a) market share of the enterprise;\n(b) size and resources of the enterprise;\n(c) size and importance of the competitors;\n(d) economic power of the enterprise including commercial advantages over competitors;\n(e) vertical integration of the enterprises or sale or service network of such enterprises;\n(f) dependence of consumers on the enterprise;\n(g) monopoly or dominant position whether acquired as a result of any statute or by virtue of being a Government company or a public sector undertaking or otherwise;\n(h) entry barriers including barriers such as regulatory barriers, financial risk, high capital cost of entry, marketing entry barriers, technical entry barriers, economies of scale, high cost of substitutable goods or service for consumers;\n(i) countervailing buying power;\n(j) market structure and size of market;\n(k) social obligations and social costs;\n(l) relative advantage, by way of the contribution to the economic development, by the enterprise enjoying a dominant position having or likely to have an appreciable adverse effect on competition;\n(m) any other factor which the Commission may consider relevant for the inquiry.\n(a) regulatory trade barriers;\n(b) local specification requirements;\n(c) national procurement policies;\n(d) adequate distribution facilities;\n(e) transport costs;\n(f) language;\n(g) consumer preferences;\n(h) need for secure or regular supplies or rapid after-sales services.\n(a) physical characteristics or end-use of goods;\n(b) price of goods or service;\n(c) consumer preferences;\n(d) exclusion of in-house production;\n(e) existence of specialised producers;\n(f) classification of industrial products.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 18
        },
        {
            "number": "20",
            "title": "20. Inquiry into combination by Commission",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) actual and potential level of competition through imports in the market;\n(b) extent of barriers to entry into the market;\n(c) level of combination in the market;\n(d) degree of countervailing power in the market;\n(e) likelihood that the combination would result in the parties to the combination being able to significantly and sustainably increase prices or profit margins;\n(f) extent of effective competition likely to sustain in a market;\n(g) extent to which substitutes are available or are likely to be available in the market;\n(h) market share, in the relevant market, of the persons or enterprise in a combination, individually and as a combination;\n(i) likelihood that the combination would result in the removal of a vigorous and effective competitor or competitors in the market;\n(j) nature and extent of vertical integration in the market;\n(k) possibility of a failing business;\n(l) nature and extent of innovation;\n(m) relative advantage, by way of the contribution to the economic development, by any combination having or likely to have appreciable adverse effect on competition;\n(n) whether the benefits of the combination outweigh the adverse impact of the combination, if any.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 19
        },
        {
            "number": "21",
            "title": "21. Reference by statutory authority",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "[21-A. Reference by Commission\n[22. Meetings of Commission",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 20
        },
        {
            "number": "23",
            "title": "23. Distribution of business of Commission amongst Benches",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 21
        },
        {
            "number": "24",
            "title": "24. Procedure for deciding a case where Members of a Bench differ in opinion",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 22
        },
        {
            "number": "25",
            "title": "25. Jurisdiction of Bench",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "[26. Procedure for inquiry under section 19",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 23
        },
        {
            "number": "27",
            "title": "27. Orders by Commission after inquiry into agreements or abuse of dominant position",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) direct any enterprise or association of enterprises or person or association of persons, as the case may be, involved in such agreement, or abuse of dominant position, to discontinue and not to re-enter such agreement or discontinue such abuse of dominant position, as the case may be;\n(b) impose such penalty, as it may deem fit which shall be not more than ten per cent. of the average of the turnover for the last three preceding financial years, upon each of such person or enterprises which are parties to such agreements or abuse:\n(d) direct that the agreements shall stand modified to the extent and in the manner as may be specified in the order by the Commission;\n(e) direct the enterprises concerned to abide by such other orders as the Commission may pass and comply with the directions, including payment of costs, if any;\n[* * *]\n(g) pass such other [order or issue such directions]",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 24
        },
        {
            "number": "28",
            "title": "28. Division of enterprise enjoying dominant position",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) the transfer or vesting of property, rights, liabilities or obligations;\n(b) the adjustment of contracts either by discharge or reduction of any liability or obligation or otherwise;\n(c) the creation, allotment, surrender or cancellation of any shares, stocks or securities;\n[* * *]\n(e) the formation or winding up of an enterprise or the amendment of the memorandum of association or articles of association or any other instruments regulating the business of any enterprise;\n(f) the extent to which, and the circumstances in which, provisions of the order affecting an enterprise may be altered by the enterprise and the registration thereof;\n(g) any other matter which may be necessary to give effect to the division of the enterprise.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 25
        },
        {
            "number": "29",
            "title": "29. Procedure for investigation of combinations",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "[30. Procedure in case of notice under sub-section (2) of section 6",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 26
        },
        {
            "number": "31",
            "title": "31. Orders of Commission on certain combinations",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) the acquisition referred to in clause (a) of section 5; or\n(b) the acquiring of control referred to in clause (b) of section 5; or\n(c) the merger or amalgamation referred to in clause (c) of section 5, shall not be given effect to:",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 27
        },
        {
            "number": "32",
            "title": "32. Acts taking place outside India but having an effect on competition in India",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) an agreement referred to in section 3 has been entered into outside India; or\n(b) any party to such agreement is outside India; or\n(c) any enterprise abusing the dominant position is outside India; or\n(d) a combination has taken place outside India; or\n(e) any party to combination is outside India; or\n(f) any other matter or practice or action arising out of such agreement or dominant position or combination is outside India, have power to inquire [in accordance with the provisions contained in sections 19, 20, 26, 29 and 30 of the Act]\n[33. Power to issue interim orders",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 28
        },
        {
            "number": "34",
            "title": "34. Power to award compensation",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 29
        },
        {
            "number": "35",
            "title": "35. Appearance before Commission",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) \"chartered accountant\" means a chartered accountant as defined in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 (38 of 1949) and who has obtained a certificate of practice under sub-section (1) of section 6 of that Act;\n(b) \"company secretary\" means a company secretary as defined in clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Company Secretaries Act, 1980 (56 of 1980) and who has obtained a certificate of practice under sub-section (1) of section 6 of that Act;\n(c) \"cost accountant\" means a cost accountant as defined in clause (b) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Cost and Works Accountants Act, 1959 (23 of 1959) and who has obtained a certificate of practice under sub-section (1) of section 6 of that Act;\n(d) \"legal practitioner\" means an advocate, vakil or an attorney of any High Court, and includes a pleader in practice.\n[36. Power of Commission to regulate its own procedure\n(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;\n(b) requiring the discovery and production of documents;\n(c) receiving evidence on affidavit;\n(d) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;\n(e) requisitioning, subject to the provisions of sections 123 and 124 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), any public record or document or copy of such record or document from any office.\n(a) to produce before the Director General or the Secretary or an officer authorised by it, such books or other documents in the custody or under the control of such person so directed as may be specified or described in the direction, being documents relating to any trade, the examination of which may be required for the purposes of this Act;\n(b) to furnish to the Director General or the Secretary or any other officer authorised by it, as respects the trade or such other information as may be in his possession in relation to the trade carried on by such person, as may be required for the purposes of this Act.]",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 30
        },
        {
            "number": "37",
            "title": "37. Review of orders of Commission",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 31
        },
        {
            "number": "38",
            "title": "38. Rectification of orders",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) an amendment under sub-section (1) of its own motion;\n(b) an amendment for rectifying any such mistake which has been brought to its notice by any party to the order.\n[39. Execution of orders of Commission imposing monetary penalty",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 32
        },
        {
            "number": "40",
            "title": "40. Appeal",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 33
        },
        {
            "number": "35",
            "title": "CHAPTER V",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER V",
            "content": "Duties Of Director General",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 34
        },
        {
            "number": "41",
            "title": "41. Director General to investigate contraventions",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) the words \"the Central Government\" under section 240 of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) shall be construed as \"the Commission\";\n(b) the word \"Magistrate\" under section 240-A of the Companies Act, 1956 (1 of 1956) shall be construed as \"the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, Delhi.]",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 35
        },
        {
            "number": "37",
            "title": "CHAPTER VI",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER VI",
            "content": "Penalties\n[42. Contravention of orders of Commission\n[42-A. Compensation in case of contravention of orders of Commission\n[43. Penalty for failure to comply with directions of Commission and Director General\n(a) the Commission under sub-sections (2) and (4) of section 36; or\n(b) the Director General while exercising powers referred to in sub-section (2) of section 41, such person shall be punishable with fine which may extend to rupees one lakh for each day during which such failure continues subject to a maximum of rupees one crore, as may be determined by the Commission.]\n[43-A. Power to impose penalty for non-furnishing of information on combinations",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 36
        },
        {
            "number": "44",
            "title": "44. Penalty for making false statement or omission to furnish material information",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) makes a statement which is false in any material particular, or knowing it to be false; or\n(b) omits to state any material particular knowing it to be material, such person shall be liable to a penalty which shall not be less than rupees fifty lakhs but which may extend to rupees one crore, as may be determined by the Commission.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 37
        },
        {
            "number": "45",
            "title": "45. Penalty for offences in relation to furnishing of information",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) makes any statement or furnishes any document which he knows or has reason to believe to be false in any material particular; or\n(b) omits to state any material fact knowing it to be material; or\n(c) wilfully alters, suppresses or destroys any document which is required to be furnished as aforesaid, such person shall be punishable with fine which may extend to rupees one crore as may be determined by the Commission.]",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 38
        },
        {
            "number": "46",
            "title": "46. Power to impose lesser penalty",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) not complied with the condition on which the lesser penalty was imposed by the Commission; or\n(b) had given false evidence; or\n(c) the disclosure made is not vital, and thereupon such producer, seller, distributor, trader or service provider may be tried for the offence with respect to which the lesser penalty was imposed and shall also be liable to the imposition of penalty to which such person have been liable, had lesser penalty not been imposed.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 39
        },
        {
            "number": "47",
            "title": "47. Crediting sums realised by way of penalties to Consolidated Fund of India",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 40
        },
        {
            "number": "48",
            "title": "48. Contravention of companies",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) \"company\" means a body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individuals; and\n(b) \"director\", in relation to a firm, means a partner in the firm.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 41
        },
        {
            "number": "43",
            "title": "CHAPTER VII",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER VII",
            "content": "Competition Advocacy",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 42
        },
        {
            "number": "49",
            "title": "49. Competition advocacy",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 43
        },
        {
            "number": "45",
            "title": "CHAPTER VIII",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER VIII",
            "content": "Finance, Accounts And Audit",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 44
        },
        {
            "number": "50",
            "title": "50. Grants by Central Government",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 45
        },
        {
            "number": "51",
            "title": "51. Constitution of Fund",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) all Government grants received by the Commission;\n[* * *]\n(c) the fees received under this Act;\n(d) the interest accrued on the amounts referred to in [clauses (a) and (c)]\n(a) the salaries and allowances payable to the Chairperson and other Members and the administrative expenses including the salaries, allowances and pension payable to the Director General, Additional, Joint, Deputy or Assistant Directors General, the Registrar and officers and other employees of the Commission;\n(b) the other expenses of the Commission in connection with the discharge of its functions and for the purposes of this Act.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 46
        },
        {
            "number": "52",
            "title": "52. Accounts and audit",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 47
        },
        {
            "number": "53",
            "title": "53. Furnishing of returns, etc., to Central Government",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 48
        },
        {
            "number": "50",
            "title": "CHAPTER VIII-A",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER VIII",
            "content": "Competition Appellate Tribunal\n[53-A. Establishment of Appellate Tribunal\n(a) to hear and dispose of appeals against any direction issued or decision made or order passed by the Commission under sub-sections (2) and (6) of section 26, section 27, section 28, section 31, section 32, section 33, section 38, section 39, section 43, section 43-A, section 44, section 45 or section 46 of this Act;\n(b) to adjudicate on claim for compensation that may arise from the findings of the Commission or the orders of the Appellate Tribunal in an appeal against any finding of the Commission or under section 42-A or under sub-section (2) of section 53-Q of this Act, and pass orders for the recovery of compensation under section 53-N of this Act.\n53-B. Appeal to Appellate Tribunal\n[53-C. Composition of Appellate Tribunal\n53-D. Qualifications for appointment of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal\n53-E. Selection Committee\n(a) the Chief Justice of India or his nominee Chairperson; (b) the Secretary in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs Member; (c) the Secretary in the Ministry of Law and Justice Member. (2) The term of the Selection Committee and the manner of selection of panel of names shall be such as may be prescribed. 53-F. Term of office of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal .-The Chairperson or a Member of the Appellate Tribunal shall hold office as such for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office, and shall be eligible for re-appointment: Provided that no Chairperson or other Member of the Appellate Tribunal shall hold office as such after he has attained,-\nChairperson;\n(b) the Secretary in the Ministry of Corporate Affairs Member; (c) the Secretary in the Ministry of Law and Justice Member. (2) The term of the Selection Committee and the manner of selection of panel of names shall be such as may be prescribed. 53-F. Term of office of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal .-The Chairperson or a Member of the Appellate Tribunal shall hold office as such for a term of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office, and shall be eligible for re-appointment:\nMember;\n(c) the Secretary in the Ministry of Law and Justice Member. (2) The term of the Selection Committee and the manner of selection of panel of names shall be such as may be prescribed.\nMember.\n53-F. Term of office of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal\n(a) in the case of the Chairperson, the age of sixty-eight years;\n(b) in the case of any other Member of the Appellate Tribunal, the age of sixty-five years.\n53-G. Terms and conditions of service of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal\n53-H. Vacancies\n53-I. Resignation of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal\n53-J. Member of Appellate Tribunal to act as its Chairperson in certain cases\n53-K. Removal and suspension of Chairperson and Members of Appellate Tribunal\n(a) has been adjudged an insolvent; or\n(b) has engaged at any time, during his term of office, in any paid employment; or\n(c) has been convicted of an offence which, in the opinion of the Central Government, involves moral turpitude; or\n(d) has become physically or mentally incapable of acting as such Chairperson or other Member of the Appellate Tribunal; or\n(e) has acquired such financial or other interest as is likely to affect prejudicially his functions as such Chairperson or Member of the Appellate Tribunal; or\n(f) has so abused his position as to render his continuance in office prejudicial to the public interest.\n53-L. Restriction on employment of Chairperson and other Members of Appellate Tribunal in certain cases\n53-M. Staff of Appellate Tribunal\n[53-N. Awarding compensation\n(a) an application may be made for compensation before the Appellate Tribunal only after either the Commission or the Appellate Tribunal on appeal under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 53-A of the Act, has determined in a proceeding before it that violation of the provisions of the Act has taken place, or if provisions of section 42-A or sub-section (2) of section 53-Q of the Act are attracted.\n(b) enquiry to be conducted under sub-section (3) shall be for the purpose of determining the eligibility and quantum of compensation due to a person applying for the same, and not for examining afresh the findings of the Commission or the Appellate Tribunal on whether any violation of the Act has taken place.\n53-O. Procedure and powers of Appellate Tribunal\n(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;\n(b) requiring the discovery and production of documents;\n(c) receiving evidence on affidavits;\n(d) subject to the provisions of sections 123 and 124 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (1 of 1872), requisitioning any public record or document or copy of such record or document from any office;\n(e) issuing commissions for the examination of witnesses or documents;\n(f) reviewing its decisions;\n(g) dismissing a representation for default or deciding it ex parte ;\n(h) setting aside any order of dismissal of any representation for default or any order passed by it ex parte ;\n(i) any other matter which may be prescribed.\n53-P. Execution of orders of Appellate Tribunal\n(a) in the case of an order against a company, the registered office of the company is situated; or\n(b) in the case of an order against any other person, place where the person concerned voluntarily resides or carries on business or personally works for gain, is situated.\n53-Q. Contravention of orders of Appellate Tribunal\n53-R. Vacancy in Appellate Tribunal not to invalidate acts or proceedings\n53-S. Right to legal representation\n53-T. Appeal to Supreme Court\n53-U. Power to punish for contempt\n(a) the reference therein to a High Court shall be construed as including a reference to the Appellate Tribunal;\n(b) the references to the Advocate-General in section 15 of the said Act shall be construed as a reference to such Law Officer as the Central Government may, by notification, specify in this behalf.]",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 49
        },
        {
            "number": "51",
            "title": "CHAPTER IX",
            "chapter": "CHAPTER IX",
            "content": "Miscellaneous",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 50
        },
        {
            "number": "54",
            "title": "54. Power to exempt",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) any class of enterprises if such exemption is necessary in the interest of security of the State or public interest;\n(b) any practice or agreement arising out of and in accordance with any obligation assumed by India under any treaty, agreement or convention with any other country or countries;\n(c) any enterprise which performs a sovereign function on behalf of the Central Government or a State Government:",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 51
        },
        {
            "number": "55",
            "title": "55. Power of Central Government to issue directions",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 52
        },
        {
            "number": "56",
            "title": "56. Power of Central Government to supersede Commission",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) that on account of circumstances beyond the control of the Commission, it is unable to discharge the functions or perform the duties imposed on it by or under the provisions of this Act; or\n(b) that the Commission has persistently made default in complying with any direction given by the Central Government under this Act or in the discharge of the functions or performance of the duties imposed on it by or under the provisions of this Act and as a result of such default the financial position of the Commission or the administration of the Commission has suffered; or\n(c) that circumstances exist which render it necessary in the public interest so to do, the Central Government may, by notification and for reasons to be specified therein, supersede the Commission for such period, not exceeding six months, as may be specified in the notification:\n(a) the Chairperson and other Members shall, as from the date of supersession, vacate their offices as such;\n(b) all the powers, functions and duties which may, by or under the provisions of this Act, be exercised or discharged by or on behalf of the Commission shall, until the Commission is reconstituted under sub-section (3), be exercised and discharged by the Central Government or such authority as the Central Government may specify in this behalf;\n(c) all properties owned or controlled by the Commission shall, until the Commission is reconstituted under sub-section (3), vest in the Central Government.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 53
        },
        {
            "number": "57",
            "title": "57. Restriction on disclosure of information",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "[58. Chairperson, Members, Director General, Secretary, officers and other employees, etc., to be public servants",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 54
        },
        {
            "number": "59",
            "title": "59. Protection of action taken in good faith",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 55
        },
        {
            "number": "60",
            "title": "60. Act to have overriding effect",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 56
        },
        {
            "number": "61",
            "title": "61. Exclusion of jurisdiction of Civil Courts",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 57
        },
        {
            "number": "62",
            "title": "62. Application of other laws not barred",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 58
        },
        {
            "number": "63",
            "title": "63. Power to make rules",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "[(a) the term of the Selection Committee and the manner of selection of panel of names under sub-section (2) of section 9;]\n(b) the form and manner in which and the authority before whom the oath of office and of secrecy shall be made and subscribed to under sub-section (3) of section 10;\n[* * *]\n(d) the salary and the other terms and conditions of service including travelling expenses, house rent allowance and conveyance facilities, sumptuary allowance and medical facilities to be provided to the Chairperson and other Members under sub-section (1) of section 14;\n[(da) the number of Additional, Joint, Deputy or Assistant Directors General or such officers or other employees in the office of Director General and the manner in which such Additional, Joint, Deputy or Assistant Directors General or such officers or other employees may be appointed under sub-section (1-A) of section 16;]\n(e) the salary, allowances and other terms and conditions of service of the Director General, Additional, Joint, Deputy or Assistant Directors General or [such officers or other employees]\n(f) the qualifications for appointment of the Director General, Additional, Joint, Deputy or Assistant Directors General or [such officers or other employees]\n(g) the salaries and allowances and other terms and conditions of service of the [Secretary]\n[* * *]\n[* * *]\n[* * *]\n(k) the form in which the annual statement of accounts shall be prepared under sub-section (1) of section 52;\n(l) the time within which and the form and manner in which the Commission may furnish returns, statements and such particulars as the Central Government may require under sub-section (1) of section 53;\n(m) the form in which and the time within which the annual report shall be prepared under sub-section (2) of section 53;\n[(ma) the form in which an appeal may be filed before the Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (2) of section 53-B and the fees payable in respect of such appeal;\n(mb) the term of the Selection Committee and the manner of selection of panel of names under sub-section (2) of section 53-E;\n(mc) the salaries and allowances and other terms and conditions of service of the Chairperson and other Members of the Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (1) of section 53-G;\n(md) the salaries and allowances and other conditions of service of the officers and other employees of the Appellate Tribunal under sub-section (3) of section 53-M;\n(me) the fee which shall be accompanied with every application made under sub-section (2) of section 53-N;\n(mf) the other matters under clause (i) of sub-section (2) of section 53-O in respect of which the Appellate Tribunal shall have powers under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) while trying a suit;]\n[(n) the manner in which the monies transferred to the Competition Commission of India or the Appellate Tribunal shall be dealt with by the Commission or the Appellate Tribunal, as the case may be, under the fourth proviso to sub-section (2) of section 66.]\n(o) any other matter which is to be, or may be, prescribed, or in respect of which provision is to be, or may be, made by rules.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 59
        },
        {
            "number": "64",
            "title": "64. Power to make regulations",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) the cost of production to be determined under clause (b) of the Explanation to section 4;\n(b) the form of notice as may be specified and the fee which may be determined under sub-section (2) of section 6;\n(c) the form in which details of the acquisition shall be filed under sub-section (5) of section 6;\n(e) the fee which may be determined under clause (a) of sub-section (1) of section 19;\n(f) the rules of procedure in regard to the transaction of business at the meetings of the Commission under sub-section (1) of section 22;\n(g) the manner in which penalty shall be recovered under sub-section (1) of section 39;\n(h) any other matter in respect of which provision is to be, or may be, made by regulations.]",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 60
        },
        {
            "number": "65",
            "title": "65. Power to remove difficulties",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 61
        },
        {
            "number": "66",
            "title": "66. Repeal and saving",
            "chapter": null,
            "content": "(a) the previous operation of the Act so repealed or anything duly done or suffered thereunder; or\n(b) any right, privilege, obligation or liability acquired, accrued or incurred under the Act so repealed; or\n(c) any penalty, confiscation or punishment incurred in respect of any contravention under the Act so repealed; or\n(d) any proceeding or remedy in respect of any such right, privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, confiscation or punishment as aforesaid, and any such proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any such penalty, confiscation or punishment may be imposed or made as if that Act had not been repealed.]\nExplanation.",
            "footnote": "",
            "is_definition": false,
            "sort_order": 62
        }
    ],
    "metadata": {
        "Act ID": "390",
        "Act Number": "(12 OF 2003)",
        "Enactment Date": "13th January, 2003",
        "Act Year": "2002",
        "Short Title": "The Competition Act, 2002",
        "Type": "CENTRAL",
        "Location": "India (Central)"
    },
    "updated_at": "2026-09-29 21:51:50"
}